Exam review

15 Questions on Geographical Luck

• Jared Diamond
• Papa NeGueana
• He went there becuase he was a Bird watcher
• He found that there were people there still living th ehunter and gather life
• The people in Papa NeGuena ate sago/ it did t have protien and vitimines and nutrients/ took so much work to get but you could not store it
• Geographical Luck
• if you dont have to use all your time looing and making food then you would have time to specialize in other activitie

• Mesopotamia was the first civilization/ It is now the middle eas
• they had good crops/ they good grow wheat
• Sumarians were the first people in Mesopotamia 
• Cunieforn was there way of writing
• Egyptians wrote in heiroglypohs 
• Back then people tended to stay on the same latitude so the same animals and crops could grow
• Places on the same latitude will have the same conditions and times of day
• 14  DOmesticated Animal\
• Zebra is a bad DOMESTICATED ANIMAL
• A GOOD one is the HORSE
• irrigation is when you move water in order to grow crops
• The code of  Hammurabi  were  the first laws

• Pre history is the time when things were not written down
• History started when people started keeping track of things by writting things down

Egypt 10 questions

• life centered around the Nile river
• so much of it is a desert
• the river flows south to north
• it flows this way because there is higher elevation in the south
• the area where it hits the mediteranean sea is called the delta
• the delta water has silt which is great fertile soil
• the kings of Eygpt were know as Pharaohs
• they built pyramids
• pyramids were used as tombs
• The Great pyramid of Guiza and the Spinx were built  2500 BC
• slaves helped with the household duties and helped the white kilt class
• social classe:
• slaves and servants
• farmers
• artisans and merchants
• soldiers
• high priests/ nobility
• Pharaoh 
• GREECE
• before they had a democracy they had a monarchy
• Descrube the difference between Spartans and the Athenians******* ESSAY QUESTION
• Sparta when you were a boy when you were 7 you had to go to a camp and be trained
• In athens you did not get taken from your home to fight so young/ you didnt get started till you were 14
• Spartans had a land based army and the Athenians had a really hard navy/built ships called tririmes
• Spartian woman had high status becuase the men were always gone and the Athenian woman could not vote and do naything that the men could
• Spattains thought as a group and Athenians thought as individuals
• The patron saint of Athens is athena / you would find a big statue sof athena i nthe parthonon/ the leader of building this is Pericles
• During the age of Pericles this is when Athens had its golden age
• The delian league was a bunch of city states  ut with athens i charge
• Pericles ruined it all ny fighting sparta in the Polypenesian war
• Athens all went inside a wall 
• Greeks inventited the Olympics in 776 BC
• Athenians invented theaters and watched entertainment
• Homerwrote the Illiat and the Odyssey/ Illiat was about the trojan war and the Odyssey is about a man named Oddisius who tries to return home to his wife and son after the trojan war
• Arete is the term that in whatever you do you do it with excellence 
• term were you are so proud of yourslef and you feel you can do no wrong is called hubris
• What was the play were the man killed his father and slept ith his mother= Oedipus Rex
• Oracles could apparentyl see the futute the oracle of delphie is the most famous
• Themisticales wanted to spend money on building tririmes

Last Test

Today in class we took our last test of the year. This test was on feudalism. I think I did well. I was pretty sure I knew all of the questions except for one. The test was only 15 multiple choice questions. Then we talked about our text books. We get to keep them until the day of our exam, and we will turn them in after our exam to our proctor. i just found out I dont have to blog anymore for the rest of the year. Bye blog

Review for Feudalism

Today in class we reviewed for our test by filling out a study guide. Here is what I filled out of my study guide.

Feudalism= A term coined by historians to describe the type of government institutions, as well as the general social and political relationships, that existed among the warrior-landholders in much of Europe during the Middle Ages.

feudal compact= An arrangement  between a lord and his vassal involving the exchange of property for personal service

fief= A grant of land and accompanying government responsibilities and power.

Vassal= knight who pledges allegiance to a lord

Knight= warrior

homage= A vassal’s act of promising loyalty and obedience to his lord

serf= they were bound to the land and to their lords for "labor service" a few days each week

baron= A great lord who exercised government  authority over fast family territory.

Peasantry

estates= In the middle ages, the groups that made up society: often defined as those who pray, those who fight, and those who work

manor= The principal farming property and social unit of a medieval community, usually belonging to a member of the feudal nobility or to a Church institution

three-field-system= A method of crop rotation designed to maintain the fertility of the soil and to provide for a regular supply of fall and spring crops

internal colonization= The process of cultivation and settling in formerly wild land in medieval Europe

suburb= outside of the wall

guild= An organization of merchants or craftspeople who regulated the activities of their members and set standards and prices

master= A craftsman who had the right to operate workshops, train others, and vote on guild business

journeyman= A licensed artisan who had served an apprenticeship and who was employed by a master and paid at a fixed rate per day.

Apprentice= A “learner” in the shop of a master

Masterpiece= what a journeyman must complete before becoming a master in a certain skill

water mill

and yes, iron plow

Chapter 11 Manors, Towns, and Kingdoms, 1000-1300

Today in class we started our last chapter if the year. This chapter is about the medieval times and feudalism.We took notes from a power-point that was made by the text book company. Here are my notes:

• Feudalism
• Feudalism is a term used by historians to describe the governmental system and the relationships between landowners and warriors
• Warriors, known as knights, would pledge his allegiance to a lord, who would in turn give that knight land
• The lord would grant a fief(property) to the knight, who would ten become the lord's vassal(servant)- this was called the "feudal compact"
• The vassal must fight for the lord when he needs it and attend his court once a month
• A vassal was a professional relationship not like a servant where the servant cant look or talk to the lord
• Homage and Knighthood
• a vassal was required to pay homage to his lord, usually this meant kneeling down and taking the lord's hand in his while speaking an oath of loyalty
• Men were apprenticed to older knights before they could become a full knight themselves
• When a knight died, his fief would revert to his son, through his lord would be protector of that son if he was underage, or if it was a daughter. 
• The Feudalization of the Church
• Some clergy were known to fight as knights themselves
• Feudal States
• Barons were lords of large territories who usually paid homage to a king
• Often Baron's army could outnumber that of a king, which kept in check on the king's power
• The divine right of the king gave him power over his vassals, no matter how much land they had
• Peasants and Lords
• The Manorial Estate
• Medieval society was divided into three "estates":the clergy, the nobility  and the common people
• Usually the peasantry farmed on large plantations known as "manors" which were owned by a lord or lady of the nobility (or a member of the clergy)
• Iron plows and water-powered grinding mills helped with agricultural production, but the yield was still minuscule by today's standards
• To maintain the health of the soil, the "three-field system" was used where two fields were planted(on in fall, one in spring) and one field was left to reconsitute its fertility- then they were rotated
• Villages sprung up on and around manors with small cottages for the peasants and a large manor house for the lord and lady
• The people of the manor
• the lord was in charge and he gave people things to do
• Stewards or bailiffs oversaw everyday things for the lord
• The lady of the house ran household operations, oversaw servants, entertained guests and ran the manor when her husband was away
• Most peasants were serfs, meaning they were bound to the land and to their lords for "labor service" a few days each week
• The serfs were responsible for the "internal colonization  of Europe, that is the cultivating and settling of previously uninhibited land
• During this time the population was rising and this is why
• trade and towns
• The agricultural boom after 1000 allowed for the establishment of many towns across Europe
• Farm produce and animals were sold in towns and people with wealth brouht their luxury items there
• Items like spices and silks came overland from port cities like Venice and Genoa, who received the goods from eastern capitals like Constantinople
• European exported wool, linen, horses , weaponry and slaves, to name a few
• England and the low countries were paticulary known for their trade in wool and cloth
• The Location and Appearance of Towns
• Most medieval towns were surrounded by fortified walls
• Residences also sprang up outside the walls in the suburbs
• Towns were dominated by a main church and a central marketplace
• Buildings for the craft guilds and the wealthiest families would also be in the center of the town
• The Life of the Townspeople
• Through townspeople were free unlike serfs, they still had a hierarchy: merchants at the top,then skilled craftsmen and artisans, then unskilled laborers ad apprentices
• The Guilds
• Merchants, craftsmen and artisans formed their own groups called guilds which regulated their trade and protected its members
• Craftsmen were classified as masters, journeymen, and apprentices
• Once became a master after spending years learning as an apprentice, working as a paid journeyman for a number of years, and completing his "masterpiece"
• Guilds participated in religious feasts and festivals, social organizations and usually provided well for charitites

Going over Test and Pop Quiz

The first thing we did in class today was get back our pop quizzes from last week. I received a one hundred one that. When we got our quizzes back we got to get a bag of cookies, thanks to Becca. I got three snincker doodle cookies.  Then we got back our tests and went over them. I got a one hundred and one on the test. I really got a ninety seven but everyone in my class got an extra four points because Mr.Schick curved the tests. I got points off on the last essay question, which was describe Constantine's vision.when we were going over the test Mr.Schick hinted at one of the essay questions. One of the essay questions might be what seven things did Diocletian do to persecute the Christians.

After Rome 500-700

In the beginning of class we reviewed from yesterdays class and then took a five question pop quiz. After that we took notes on the Germanic tribes and what happened to the Roman Empire after it fell apart. Here are some notes from class today:
After Rome 500-700

• Germanic Kingdoms of Western Europe
• The Germanic Barbarians
• Barbarian warlords and their families who assimilated into Roman culture became the "nobles" or aristocrats of medieval Europe
• Germanic tribes who ruled former Roman lands sought to conquer and assimilate other barbarian peoples who lived beyond the frontiers and were still pagans
• More on Germanic Kingdoms
• The Angles and the Saxons(from Denmark and northwestern Germany) invaded Britain and assimilated the native Britons 
• Most of the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity in the seventh century
• The most powerful Germanic tribe was the Franks
• But the real power lay with the "mayors of the palace" who were royal officials and nobles themselves
• Meanwhile, back in the Eastern Empire....
• From "Eastern Empire" to "Byzantium"
• The eastern Roman Empire continued on while the west was now dived up by the barbarian tribes
• When the emperor Justinian came to power in 527, he decided to reunite the entire Roman Empire by re-conquering the western territories  
• Justinian succeeded for a time, but the land he re-took was soon conquered by new barbarians tribes and a massive plague depopulated much of the west
• Its christian empire now
• Greek Byzantine emperors saw themselves as Roman empires and the heads of the Christian Church
• Byzantines preserved Greco-Roman art, architecture, philosophy  and writing despite much of it being non-Christian
• Justinian built the massive domed Hagia Sophia("Holy Wisdom") in Constantinople, considered to be the most glorious church on earth at the time
• Third version finished in 537, the Cathedral of Hagia Sophia, Justinian's cathedral, was later a mosque and is now a museum. Using knowledge of the geometry of curves, it has a dome supported by arches high in the air that remained a model for both church builders and mosque builders for more than a thousand years.

Rome Fades Away/ End of an Era

Rome Fades Away

• Two emperors
• Diocletian
• he rules from 284-303
• its cool to persecute Christians
• Rome needs a big army(400,00 strong)
• Rome needs a big government(20,000 officials)
• Constantine
• Rules from 306-337
• its cool to be a christian
• conversion to Christianity
• via a cross in the sky(conquer by this)
• 313- his Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
• built a new capital in the East
• Byzantium, soon to be known as Constantinople
• the struggle of the peasants
• life in the fourth century
• country dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection
• new farming systems; peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
• peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by the landlords
• paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back breaking work( such a deal)
• landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire
• fore shading feudalism= a system wear you have someone that controls a small area and you work like crazy for the lord of the manor
• The western Empire crumbles
• Rome's power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power
• western Empire is too poor, begins to be neglected
• Huns migrate from China to eastern Europe
• Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410
• Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean
• Other barbarian tribes
• Ostrogoth in Italy
• Franks in Gaul
• Angles and Saxons in Britain
• end of an era
• from the beginnings...
• 500 BC- the monarchy is abolished
• 450 BC- the Twelve tables are established
• ...Through the glory days...
• 44 BC- end of the line for Julius Caesar
• 27 BC- 180 BC- the Roman Peace( Pax Romana)
• To the bitter end... 
• constant fifth century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman empire shattered and crumbling
• the last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
• barbarians deposed Romulus Augustus without bothering to kill him
• 476 was the last empire for the western Roman empire
• There is still an eastern Roman empire but Rome and the western part is done
• Barbarians conquer
• Angels= England
• Saxons= conquered Germany
• Ostrogoth= Italy
• Huns= Came from China and they conquered Hungary
• Vandals=  North Africa/Carthage and went and conquered Rome
• Visigoths= Spain and Portugal 
• franks=
  • -Germanic Tribe that became the French
  • -They conquered Gaul-Gaul is now present day France, Luxembourg and Belgium - Mostly Switzerland, Northern Italy and parts of the Netherlands and Germany-They were the most powerful of the Germanic Tribes-They created a strong barbarian kingdom after the end of the Western Roman Empire
  •  
    

Chapter 10 LO1

Chapter 10 LO1

• By 1000, Civilization had spread throughout Europe  and the three-thousand- year-old European barbarian way of life had come to an end
• Shortly after 700 AD the renewal of the European civilization in the West began with the rise to power of a new dynasty in the Frankish kingdom, the Carolingians
• Around 800 AD the Carolingian warrior king Charlemagne was able to conquer barbarian peoples in central Europe
• By 700 AD the kingdom of the Franks once the most powerful state in western Europe was seemingly falling apart
• On particular family that had become exceptionally wealthy and powerful in the continual factional struggles gained the hereditary position of one and only major of the palace throughout the Frankish kingdom
• In 714 an out od wedlock son of the family by the name of Charles laid claim to the position and won it in several years of civil war
• Charles was a ruthless and warlike ruler who went down in history as Charles MArtel ("Charles the Hammer")
• In 732 an Arab army moved out of the occupied territory on a large scale raid far north into the Frankish kingdom. Charles intercepted then near the town of Tours and forced them to retreat.
• Charles MArtel's son, Pepin< decided that the time had come for the actual power in the kingdom to be recognized as the legal power
• With papal approval, the last Merovingian king was sent to live out his life as a monk, the assembled Frankish nobles chose Pepin to replace him, and Pepin was annoitned( holy oil placed on him) by Archbishop Boniface of Fulda, a monk and missionary in the kingdom's eastern lands who was close to both Pepin and the pope.
• This was the first time in history of any western European kingdom that a king began hhis rign with a solem religious ceremony
• Both coronation and annointing soon became the normal inauguration ceremony for kings throughout Europe. In this way, kings proclaimed that their power came from God.
• Charles, Pepin's son and Charles MArtel's grandson was a towering figure, celbrated in history and legan under the name of Charlemagne( the french version of Charles the Great)
• He had a 46 year reign
• Charlemagne was a rutless and cruel in battle, he fought not only for territory and spoils but alsoHe led his armies into Italy in 774 and broke the Lombard power
• His hardest campaigns which lasted some thirty years were against the Saxons
• encouraged by the church he was determined to transform the Saxons into christian subjects
• Charlemagne attacked the nomadic nation of the Avars
• Charlemagne governed through local officials called counts. Each count represented the crown in a givin region, his county. He presided over a court that met once a month, collected fines, and in time of war called out the warriors of his county.
• Sometimes for purposes of defense several counties were grouped into a karger unit headed by a duke
• Charlemagne made his capital at Aachen
• The most dramatic event of Charlemagnes's rule was his coronation as " Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans". The even took place on Christmas Day, 800, while the Frankish King was attending mass in Saint Peters's Basilica in Rome. Supposedly he had not planned the coronation beforehand, his biographer Einhard, reports that Pope Leo the third without warming placed the crown on his head and declaredhim emperor

Review for Test on Wednesday

Test Review:

• How much bigger was Diocletian army then Augustus
• How many people in the army are under Constantine
•  Why did Jesus mostly minister to poor people? What were the effects?
• more poor people then rich,
• What does gospel mean?= Good news
• Constantine visiom
• say a sign vision or dream that there was a crossing the sun and it said conquer by this
• the battle he fought right after this vision was called the battle of the Milvan Bridge
• Constantine ends the persecution of the Christians
• Know what the edicts did
• destroy the churches and burn the scriptures, destroy careers, take out the heirachy in the church
• Built a new capital called Constantinople that was originally called Byzantium
• Edict of milan said you cant persecute anyone for their religous beliefs anymore
• 300 AD how many people where in the ROman empire?= 60 million
• Predestination= the word that meant that God chose who was to be saved and who was to be damed
• edict is an official proclemation
• 27 BC - 180 AD - the Roman Peace (Pax Romana)
  
  

Diocletian and Constantine

• Diocletian Persecution was the harshest form of persecution to the Christians
• Diocletian ordered a series of edicts
• Edict One
• He sentenced the newly built Christian Church in Nicomedia to be completely destroyed
• All Christian scriptures, liturgical books, as well as places of worship to be demolished
• He ordered the Christians that they are prohibited from assembling for worship
• He said that all Christians were to be stripped of their rankings as senator, equestrians,decurions,veterans, and soldiers
• The Second Edict
• This ordered the arrest as well as the imprisonment of all bishops and priests
• The Third Edict
• This ordered that if any imprisoned clergyman wanted to be freed, he would have to make a sacrifice to the Roman gods
• The Fourth Edict
• This ordered all men, women, and children to come to the public square and make a collective sacrifice together and if they refused, they would be executed
• Constantine's connection to Christianity
• The night before a battle, Constantine had a dream of God coming to him and telling him that he needed to put the sign of the cross on his armies shield
• Constantine built up the Roman army and in order to pay for his army he introduced a new gold currency. He shared power with other emperors which were his sons, and began to build a new capital

Diocletian:

• edicts are laws that come from the highest authority in the empire from the emperor/ law of the land
• the Christians would start meeting secretly and they kept a low profile
• The killing of the Christians deepened some of the Christians faith because they looked at the people who died for there faith as maryters

Constantine:

• His mother and father was a christian
• he had a vision
• he tries praying to the christian God before a battle and then in the sky he saw a cross and the words "by this you shall conquer"  and then he sees it in his dream and then he made all of his men paint the christian symbol on their shields. And then they won their battle
• Edict of Milan= you cant persecute anyone for their religion anymore
• if you had your land taken away the edict said that you get your land back
• if they took someones stuff they gave it back

Eusibius made a report on Constanitine after the battle

The Roman Empire Stuggles

• The Roman Empire Struggles
• 99 problems
• In the third century AD
• epidemic disease spreads throughout the Empire
• its too hard to defend the frontier against the barbarians
• emperors began to lose their hold on power
• stayed in power for an average of two and a half years,due to wars or assassination
• maintaining armies is expensive
• still too many poverty- stricken  citizens
• Diocletian to the rescue
• 284 AD- Diocletian's reforms
• increase the size of the army to 400,00
• 1/3 bigger than during Augustus' time
• recruit from the ranks of the barbarians
• Divide Roman territories into smaller provinces
• this new government had 20,000 officials- ten times more than under Augustus
• they were more efficient at collecting higher taxes- this greater yield provided for a larger army
• advantage of this is there good be more ideas about how to do things
• disadvantage is that the government people could be corrupt and try to take over
• Time marches on...
• 300 AD
• 60 million people in the Roman Empire
• several million are Christians
• Christianity has quite am appeal to the poor and disenfranchised- and there are plenty of those
• more Christians- more face-to-face contacts-more conversions- more offspring
• some Christians are even gaining positions of power, becoming the ruling elite
• during this time there was persecution which can mean messing with someone business, making them fight, or hurting them
• To persecute or not to persecute
• Diocletian ( ruled from 284-305) left Christians alone at first
• Then he undertook the most systematic persecution of all
• Constantine ruled as emperor 306-337
• What was his connection with Christianity?
• and how did he reconstruct the empire?

Then after theses notes we got in groups and worked on a PowerPoint answering some questions about Christianity and Constantinople.
the information that we put on the powerpoint was:

• in 313 Constantine issued the edict of Milan, which ended persecution and gave the people freedom to worship
• It was Constantine's choice to standardize Christianity
• Constantine was a Christian himself
• He was exposed to Christianity by his mother, Helena
• Christian conversion was the turning point of Christianity and was called the triumph of the church sometimes
• It is unknown when began to believe in the Christian God
• During the wars, he began ti use the cross as his symbol stating that he had saw it one day above the sun with words ' Conquer by this sign"
• In the fourth century the cities became centers of social life for wealthy landowners and of Christian religious life
• Edict One =Diocletian was irritated by the boldness of the Christians. So he ordered to have all of their Churches and scriptures burned; preventing the religious gathering of Christians.
• Edict Two=Thinking that his first edict wasn't working fast enough, Diocletian had all the priests and bishops arrested. So many religious powers were arrested that the other criminals had to be released. 
• Edict Three=Diocletian stated that if any Christian in jail could be released. They had to make a sacrifice to the Roman Gods, some people willingly did it and other were forced by being tortured into making the decision. 
• Edict Four
•  Created an army with about half a million  troops
• -Created a gold coinage to pay for the army
• - Built a new capital called Constantinople that was originally called Byzantium
• - He abolished  crucifixion but replaced it with hanging
• -Gadiatorial games were cancelled in 325 BC

Christianity in the Pax Romana

Today in class we first went over out test. I got a 90 on the test becuase I got two questions wrong. The first question I got  wrong was Tiberus Gracchus' first military accomplishment came during the invasion of what city. The correct answer was Carthage. The second question I got wrong was which of these modern dat countries was NOT part of ancient Gaul? The correct answer was Iran. Then we took notes on Jesus and Christianity.After our notes we took a five question pop quiz.

Notes on Christianty:

• Roots of Christianity
• It all begins with Jesus
• most of what we know of Jesus comes from the "Gospels" of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
• "Gospel" means "good news"
• Jesus was a Jewish itinerant preacher in Judea who set himself apart from other "Messiahs"
• Jesus taught that one must strive for perfection since God was perfect, and Jesus sought out the imperfect society
• Jesus hung out with tax collectors and prostitutes
• Jesus' followers believed he was the "Messiah" who had come to end the world and bring the truly faithful into the kingdom of God
• Jesus was believed to be both man and the son of God;both human and divine
• Jesus was deemed a threat to Roman rule and was crucified, though his followers believed he rose from the dead and ascended to heaven
• The followers of Jesus who attempted to spread the word of his teachings were known as apostles
• Start spreading the news
• Paul of Tarsus was a Jew who became a follower of Jesus after a miraculous vision on the road to Damascus
• Paul started spreading the word but he never meet him or laid eyes on him
• Paul talked of "predestination" which meant that God chose who was to be saved and who was to be damned
• Paul was well-traveled, he helped found churches in many places, and he kept in touch with these new Christians by letters(Corinth, Thessalonian, Rome, Ephesus)
• he traveled all over the mediteranean and even in Rome 

Christianity in Rome

Today in class we turned in our papers and took our test. I think i did okay one the test. After the test we had to read a section of the text book. Here are the notes that I got from this reading.

• Christianity in the Era of the Roman Peace
• Its was during the time period od jewish conflict and dispute leading up to the destruction of the Temple in A.D 70 that Jesus lived and taught
• The authors of the Gospel felt no need to set down alll the details of Jesus's life but focused on his birth, the brief years when he was wondering preacher in Jeduea, and his death and aftermath
• jesus is the messiah 
• becuase he claimed he was the messiah the romans crucified him
• apostles= Jesus's followers and messengers
• Greek is the international langueage of the Jews
• Paul was one of Jesus's apostles
• from a city in Antatolia
• his letters are the earliest surviving documents of the belief
• predestination= the doctrine that God determines in advance who will be saved and who will be damned
• within the earliest churches there was no formal structure of authority or power
• the believers in Jesus also belonged not only to the church  but also to other human groups, families, cities, the Roman Empire
• Paul died in A.D 60 and was probally beheaded in Rome as a Jewish troublemaker

Roman Peace Paper

Today in class we worked on our paper that is do on Monday  Our paper is about the time of the Roman peace. For this paper we get to work with partners. Eleanor and I are partners for this assignment. The paper only has to be 500 words, but we can write more if we want to.We had the whole class time to start our paper.We also found out that in class on monday we will be having a test.

Rome Notes

First we finished the video and Tiberius was killed.Then we took notes on the powerpoint.
Whats wrong with Rome?

• Soilders/ farmers who fought in Rome's wars often lost their farms when they returned to Italy and were reduced to the lowest" proletarian" citizen status
• War profiteers abounded and traded in slaves, weapons, and often bought abandoned farms to create large plantations(latifundia)
• "Just grab some land!" Tiberus Gracchus is not cool with that

Hey, Its Living

• War Profiteers
• used their wealth to buy up ruined farms
• small lots were merged into large estates for use as vineyards, olive gorves, or pastureland for livestock
• displaced farmers could not compete with the low cost of hiring slaves(Carthage)
• In 150 BC, slaves made up one third of the population of Italy
• The Gracchi attempt to Reform
• In the second century B.C, the Gracchi brothers attempted to carve out special rights for the poor, bu their attempts were opposed and they were eventually murdered by their enemies in the Senate
• Plan:
• resettle many of the city's poor(including army veterans) on small farms
• Provide  a public subsidy of grain(welfare) for those who remained in Rome
• This would raise the number of independent, self sufficient farmers
• Would also reduce the gap between rich and poor
• With Tiberius in the assembly as a tribune, this woulda shoulda coulda worked
• ...The Best laid Plans...sometimes run out of time
• Tribunes only served one year, so Tiberius came up short
• His( possibly illegal) re-election simply enraged his enemies
• It didn't help that the Senate already saw him as a dangerous troublemaker
• they killed Tiberus, and over 300 of his supporters
• his younger brother Gaius, meanwhile....
• Its gross, but heres what happened to Gaius after he was killed by the senate
• Graius head was cut off, as Opimius had announced that whomever brought back the head would be paid its weight in gold. When the head measured an astonishing seventeen and two thirds pounds, it was discovered that Septimuleius, who brought the head, committed fraud by removing the brain and pouring in molten leas and therefore recieved no reward at all. The bodies of Gaius was thrown into the river Tiber.
• Rise of Julius C
• A talented patrician, formed a unique government with two former Sulla allies, Pompey and Crassus, known as the triumvirate
• Pompey was an accomplished general, Crassus the richest man in Rome( and one of the richest men in history)
• Julius was named proconsul of so. Gual, and within eight years conquered the rest of it, as well as parts of Britian and Germany, giving him great wealth, power and influence
• Power and Ambition
• Pompey is jealous, and the Senate is worried
• They tell Caesar to disband his army before returning to Rome
• instead he and his army cross the Rubicon and make a grand, heroic entrance
• this causes a near civil war between Caesar's forces and Pompey's troops
• Pompey is defeated in Greece, and is killed in Egypt where he had taken refuge
• today crossing the Rebricon means if you are going to do something or not
• Large and in Charge
• 46 BC: Caesar returned to Rome in triumph and was declared "Father of the Fatherland"( an awesome title invented just for him)
• JC had hiself appointed tribune, supreme pontiff, consul, and dictator- some at the same time
• why not shoot the works?- he had the senate name him dictator for life
• we have now come full circle since the days of Tarquin the Proud
• Whatcha gonna do with all that power
• resettle war veterans on farmlands in Italy and i nthe provinces
• extend Roman citizenship to parts of Gual and Spain
• appointed citizens from the provinces to the Senate 
• build spledid buildings and roads
• introduce reform into every department of adminstration
• Julius Caesar was murdered on the Ides of MArch on March 15 in 44BC
• aftermath ti the murder
• Mark Antony and Octavian each got some of Caesar's troops, and formed a new truimvirate with another warlord- Lepidus
• Mark Antony and Octavian battled each other, then joined forces against JC's assassins, then became rivals again
• Antony has a love affair with Cleopatra, ruler of Eygpt, which is unpopular in Rome
• Octavian pushes out Lepidus, then defeats Antony and Clea in the naval battle of Actium
• When the dust settles...
• Octavian is the supreme warlord
• he runs a military dictorship
• he is named "Augustus' which means 'revered one"
• He is in charge of the greatest empire in the world
• he was 18 when Caesar was killed(44BC)
• now less than two decades later (27BC) he is the most powerful man in the world
• beginning of Pax Romana(Roman Peace)

Video Continued

Today in class we watched more of the video. In the video Tiberus went and fought in Spain to sieze control. The Rome legion was surrounded and had to surrender or else they would be killed. The Barbarians wanted to talk to Tiberus about a peace treaty and would not talk to anyone else. They agreed to let the men go and the Barbarians will have have equality with Rome and everlasting peace. The Roman senate was mad about the treaty. The General was killed for this treaty. Tiberus runs for tribune becuase he does not think the senate treats the people right. Tiberus marries Claudia to form a political alliance. Claudia was the daughter of a senator who was an Allie to Tiberus. When Tiberus gets ellected to Tribune he proposed that the common people can vote. He also veto's to shut down the banks and put the government at a stand still. Tiberus got the land petition passed after alot of work. The Senate tells everyone that Tiberus wants to be King of Rome. The common people did not take this news well.

Young Tiberus defeating Carthage

Today in class we watched a video on Tiberus the younger and Rome defeating Carthage. It took us awhile to get the video started becuase of technical difficulty. In the video after six days of fighting Carthage surrendered. Tiberus received the Golden crown for climbing the Carthage wall first.  After Rome defeated Carthage Rome got all of there land. This caused a problem because now Rome had to protrol over a huge amount of land. After the war Rome had alot of poor people in the streets. Tiberus felt bad for the poor people unlike  his mother, who thought they were discusting.

New Video and Test Back

Today in class we got back our tests.I received a 92 on the test. I got two questions wrong.The first one i got wrong was Rome was built on a swamp and so was this city... the correct answer was Washington D.C. The next question I got wrong was Roman aristocrats lived on these huge parcels of privatly owned land used for farming... the correct answer was latifunia.

Video Notes:

• Roman empire extended into what is today northern Britain
• Handrians wall was a wall that showed were the Roman empire ended in northern Britain
• The  Roman republic lasted for 500 years
• Tiberius hated kings
• his son saw the eulogy when he died
• Tiberius the younger was murdered for sticking up for his fathers ideas by the aristocrats
• Carthage and orme had been fighting for 120 years 
• 146 BC Carthage-Rome was preparing for its last fight against Carthage
• during this fight whoeever scaled the wall first won a golden crown

Today in class we took our quiz/test on Rome. Then we read and took notes on LO3. We are talking about LO3 tommorow so thats why we have to read the section tonight for homework.
 Here are a few notes on LO3 Notes:

• proletarians, Profiteers, and Slaves
• The Punic wars and then the endless further conquests enourmsly increased the burden of military service on the roman farmer solderer
• Some farmers remained stubbornly on their land, but most gave up, sank to the status of proletarians( property-less but voting citizens)
• When the farmers moved to Rome there they could expect to receive free food an public entertainments at the expense of well to do citizens who thereby won prestige and power.Rome itself with its wealthy rival politicians eager to gain support of these propertyless but voting citizens , was particularly generous with " bread and circuses" and grew to become one of the Mediterraneans's great metropolis citites
• By 150 BC slave smade up nearly one third of the population
• Julies Caesar came from an old patrician family
• was brutally killed by the sentate

Test Tommorow and Rome Song

Today in class we first talked about that we will have a test tommorow on Lo1 and LO2. Then we talked more about the information in the Rome song

Rome Song information:

• The government would give the poor Romans food and entertained them with gladiator fights
• circus maximus was a big huge stadium that seated about 100,000 people. It was oval shaped. Chariot races went on there
• The Gracus brothers came along and told the government that people were being treated unfairly
• they were members of the assembly
• they said the solution was: they rich who had so many acres of land and made alot of money should give some of there land( dont have to give all) back to the people that they bought it from

Things on Test:

• Senate
• Republic
• Plebeians and patricians 
• Democracy, Monarchy, aristocracy 
• democracy was represented by the assembly/ people in assembly were called tribunes
• Aristocracy was represented by the senate
• The monarchy was represented by two leaders in charge
• only in charge for one yer
• If there was a crisis there was one dictator in charge for six months
• Punic Wars
• tarquins son raped a woman who was a matron named laquicha 

Shared Rome Song Extra Credit

Today in class we shared our extra credit Rome projects. The first one that went was very good. It had pictures that acuratly matched the song. Then three more projects went and they were all good. They all showed that the people put in effort to make them.

• In the second Punic War Carthage attacks Rome by the back of Rome where Rome did not expect it 
• Carthage almost beat Rome with this plan but Rome still was able to defend themselves
• In the third Punic War Rome decided Carthage needed to be destroyed so they did
• Rome won all three of the Punic Wars
• When the farmer men were away at war the rich men would buy the farms from the woman
• this was very sneaky
• When the men returned some of them had no land

Notes on Rome Song

• The Etruscans, Greeks, and Latins settled in Rome
• Latins came first and they gave us the language we have now and the alphabet
• The River Tiber flowed in the middle of the peninsula 
• Tarquin was the last King of Rome
• He was an old school tyrant
• very mean and harsh
• Romans overthrew him
• what threw the Romans over the edge was the Tarquin had a son who raped a nice and important woman and Tarquin did nothing about it. The woman was so shamed that she committed suicide.
• When the Romans got ride of Tarquin they got ride of a monarchy
• Res Publica= the word republic comes from this word/ means peoples affair
• Patricians: rich, wealthy, and are established, and connected,politically active, and landowners
• Plebeians: could be wealthy with no connection, normal people
• Romans government:
• Aristocracy= formed senate, 300 men, make laws and interpret laws
• Democracy=called the assembly/ people in the assembly are called tributes
• The people demanded that the laws became public so they wrote the 12 tables with the laws and punishments in the forem
• Monarchy= make decisions quick, consuls were the people in the monarchy/ there were 2 consuls/ they were choosen by the senate/ consuls could veto any laws/ consuls were only there were one year
• The united States based their government of the Romans except united states added the judicial branch
• Romans were around so long because they had a great army
• there army was well trained and feared
• there army was called the roman legion 
• had about 5000 soldiers per legion
• the soldiers did not get payed they joined the army becuase it was there duty 
• modeled themselves like the Greeks
• Romans version of the Greeks phlanx was called the century
• Romans used javelins instead of the Greek spear
• Roman military used cruciffiction to punish people and they were the ones who killed Jesus
• At one point in Rome 1/3 of the population were slaves
• If slaves were going to revolt the Romans would crucify the leaders of the revolt and put them on the side of the main rodes
• Punic wars were fought between Rome and Carthage
• Carthage wanted to control Sicily 
• Rome wins the first punic wars

Rome Song for extra credit

Today in class Mr.Schick told us that the song project is not going to be graded. Too many people are having problems working the program. If we want we can finish the problem for extra credit. Eleanor, Mackenzie, and I decided  to do it for extra credit. We divided up the work by each of us finding pictures for two paragraphs then Mackenzie is putting them in the program. I did the first paragraph and the fourth paragraph. We did not finish today but we might soon. I think the song is a good idea because  I am starting to remeber some of the facts. The people who did not do the song could choose to do a powerpoint or not do anything at else.

Rome Song and Movie

Today in class Mr.Scick was back.We started a new project today. Our project is to make a movie form the song about Rome Mr.Schick  sand to us. In my group is Eleanor, Mackenzie, Alex, and I. Eleanor is the one that is is putting all the pictures on the movie maker. Mackenzie, Alex, and I are the ones finding the pictures for the project. Today in class we got done most of the first paragraph of the song.I think this is a good way to help us rember the song because it is already kinda stuck in my head.

Chapter 6 LO2

Today in class we had a sub, so we individually outlined LO2 in our textbook. LO2 was about the roman empire expanding and fighting with Carthage for control of Sicily and ultimalty control of the Mediterrean. The Romans won and gained control of almost the whole Mediterranean. These are the notes I took today in class.

Roman Expansion

• The Romans were above all a military people- patriotic farmer- soldiers
• Their first wars were against the neighboring Etruscans, competing Italian tribes,and barbarian invaders
• Allies and Colonies
• The Romans were shrewdly generous in their treatment of defeated enemies
• The Romans also tightened their control over the Italian peninsula by creating a network of colonies of settlers from Rome, generally discharged citizen-soldiers and their families
• Roman forces increased in strength and striking power in step with their conquests
• The Roman colonist enjoyed rights of citizenship that were almost equal to those of citizens who lived in Rome
• In time allies began to demand full integration with Rome, and in the first century B.C some of them took up arms when the demand was denied
• After these wars most non- Romans in Italy gained Roman citizenship, and the status of ally disappeared
• Punic Wars
• By 250 B.C all of Italy south of the River Po was in Roman hands
• This success brought Rome into collision with a rival city state beyond the sea: Carthage, on the north coast of Africa
• Carthage was founded about 700 B.C by Phoenician colonists
• It became an oligarchic and empire building republic similar to Rome and had spread its influence across North Africa, southern Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily
• Carthaginians interest in Sicily, between Africa and Italy, is what brought them into conflict with the Romans
• The Punic wars were waged on land and sea in three vicious rounds between 264 and 146 B.C
• In the first phase of struggle after many years of exhausting warfare, ROme was able to force Carthage out of Sicily, but the North African city kept the rest of its empire
• In the second phase the Carthage general Hannibal invaded Italy, defeated several Roman armies and brought Rome to the brink of defeat but the loyalty of the Romans' allies, the perseverance of their own forces, and there greater man power enabled them to at the end of the second Punic war in 202 BC defeat Carthage
• Fearing a Carthaginian revival Rome provoked a thrid war and in 146 BC Carthage was captured after bitter fighting
• The senate ordered  the city to be leveled, its people sold into slavery, and even the ground on which it stood to be cursed
• Conquering an Empire
• The former possessions of Carthage in Sicily, Spain, and Africa became the first Roman providences
• The paid tribute to the Roman state, contributed " auxiliary" units of cavalry and light infantry to Roman forces, and provided opportunities for influential Roman citizens to build up private fortunes
• It was not until the time of Augustus, after 27 B.C that the Providences began to share in the benifts of Roman order.

Romulus and Remus Comic

Today in class Mr.Schick was not here, so we had a sub. Today in class we worked on our pixton comic. I am working with Eleanor. We finished ours in school. For awhile Pixton was not letting us saves ours, so we had to wait for it to load for awhile. We did ours on the story from the first link you gave us. The story was about Romulus and Remus. They were born and there parents aboned them, so when they got older they killed their parents and started their own village.  When they were building the village they built a wall. Romulus built the wall, but Remus made fun of it saying it was too small. Then Romulus killed Remus out of anger.

Kristen and Eleanor's Comic: http://Pixton.com/ic:yqj8xpym

Notes on LO1

First Mr. Schick and his daughter did a rap song about Rome.Today in class we went over our homework that we did the other night. We had to outline LO1 for homework. Mr. Schick went over the notes he thinks is important from LO1.

• Mediterranean= means middle of the world
• Italy was right in the middle of the Mediterranean 
• Rome was right on the coast in the middle of the peninsula , which means its good for trading and it was on seven hills so it could see their enemies
• The Romans thought the gods have chosen them to be in charge because of where Rome was located
• The Romans had the same temperature and climate as Greece
• The Romans had more room then Greece because Greece had mountains, so the Romans had an advantage
• The Etruscans, Latins and Greeks were the people that settled Rome
• The Latins came first, then Etruscans, and finally the Greeks.
• Our written language is descended from the Latins
• The Romans improved the Greeks government and warfare
• Government
• The Romans started out as a monarchy
• The Senate was a group of elders that helped the King rule
• When the king died the senate would pick who got to pick who the next king was
• Res publica= means the peoples buisness/ this is were the word Republic comes from
• Patricians were the upper class citizens, founders of the country/ they had money and connections
• Plebeians= the Roman common people including workers, small farmers,and wealthy people who were not patricians
• The Republic is the government that the Romans used

Chapter 6 LO1

Notes on LO1:

• Roman values= they like to take the Greeks way of life but improve them
• The rise of Rome began as a continuation of Greece's early westward expansion through the Mediterranean Sea, which brought the Greek model of civilization to the people of Italy during the eight century.
• About 500 B.C Rome became a Greek style city state that was not longer ruled by kings but the Roman government system, The Republic, was for several centuries more stable and more effective than any in Greece.
• The roman armies were more consistently successful than those of the Greeks
• In five centuries Rome became the center of an empire that stretched from the borders of Mesopotamia to the Atlantic Ocean.
• City- State and Empire: The Roman Republic
•  Tribes arrived in a Mediterranean land with farming resources that were basically similar to those of Greece or Palestine, but able to support a larger population and in time larger armies.
• Italy was situated astride the Mediterranean  commanding every direction; southward and eastward to the territories of Greek, Egyptian, and Mesopotamian civilization, northward and westward to the lands of barbarian Europe.
• The Indo- European settlers formed various tribal groups, among them the Latin people of central Italy.
• Some settled near the mouth of the Tiber River
• they built a cluster of dwellings on low lying hills along the river called the " Seven Hill
• Around 750 B.C these settlements joined to form a single city state called Rome
• The Estruscans and the Greeks lived in Italy and had an influence on the growth of the Roman civilization
• From the Etruscans the Romans adopted such features as a gridiron street plan for cities,gladiatorial combats, and the masonry arch.
• The Romans learned the alphabet and knowledge of Greek city states from the Greek colonies in southern Italy.
• The Roman Republic: The Senate and the People
• At first, their city state was ruled on the Etruscan model by powerful Kings, including actual Etruscan conquers.
• The King was advised by a council of elders called the Senate, whose members he appointed.
• Usually he chose from among the patricians or " men with fathers"
• Patricians= upper- class citizens who belonged to the oldest and noblest Roman families
• Around 500 B.C Rome overthrew its Etruscan rulers and established a monarchy
• The government of the Roman city- state became officially the " people's business"
• The Roman Republic underwent a long turbulent development but the result was a system of government that was neither a Greek style democracy nor an oligarchy but a mixture of both.
• Republic= In reference to ancient Rome, the system of city-state government in which decision making power was shared between the Senate and assemblies of male citizen
• Patricians and Plebeians:
• There were two sides in the conflicts of the Republic: The patricians and plebeians
• Plebeians= the roman common people, including workers, small farmers, and wealthy people who were not patricians  
• In the earliest times of the Republic, the "peoples business" was in practice run by the Senate.
• Senate=In ancient Rome, a government assembly appointed by the king, and under the Republic by the consuls; originally all members were patricians, but in time wealthy plebeians were appointed as well.
•  Two among the senators functioned as consuls.
• Consuls= In the Roman Republic, two senators who led the government and military for one year terms and appointed their own successors.
• The Romans were eager to avoid monarchy that for every public office position they appointed two or more men
• This slowed down government decisions and actions, but in time of emergency the consults, on the advice of the Senate, could appoint a dictator, with full power to give orders and make laws for a maximum period of six months.
• The plebeians at first deferred to patrician rule, but as Rome grew and the plebeians became more numerous and often wealthier  they began to resent being treated as second class citizens.
• Among the chief complaints of the plebeians was that they lacked legal protection.
• Before the fifth century B.C there had been no written code of law
• Instead, the sacred tradition laws were passed down orally and interpreted by judges, who were, of course patricians.
• About 450 B.C in response to the plebeians demand, the laws of Rome were set down in writing. The new code was said to have been engraved on twelve slabs if wood or bronze and mounted in the chief public square.
•  Not long afterward, new plebeian assemblies came into being alongside the existing one that soon gained far greater power.
• tribunes= Magistrates elected by the plebeians, who eventually gained the power to initiate and veto laws
• The pateicians gave way to the plebeians until by 250B.C the distinction between the two groups no longer mattered in politics and government.
• "Mixed Government"
• The Republic still rested in the hands of the Senate, and though plebeians could now join the Senate, only the wealthy could afford to do so
• Senators and would be senators had to follow a complex career path from lower ranking magistracies to higher ones, in which leapfrogging ranks was frowned upon or was actually illegal.
• Many of these magistracies were elective and to get votes a canadite had to spend large sums for displays and popular entertainments
• They also supported clients, which is a person who provides personal services in return for money and protection form a patron
• Patron= A wealthy person who supports others with money and protection in exchange for personal services
• Republican Values: The City and the Gods
• One common belief was the community's survival and prosperity depended on a god or goddess who was thought to take a particular interest in its destiny
• By the time of the Republic Rome had a special relationship with three deities.
• These deities were the sky god Jupiter, whom the Romans believed was the same as the Zeus whom nearby Greek city states worshiped; his consort, the fertility goddess Juno( the same as Hera); and Minerva( Athena) , goddess of skill and wisdom.
• Responsibility  for maintaining the  'peace of the gods" belonged to the pontiffs
• Pontiff= In ancient Rome, one of the Republics leading priests
• Citizens and the Community
•  The belief that it was right and the duty of the men of the community to fight in wars, and hence also share in its government; and the community solidarity that came from the fact that high-born as well as low born citizens bore the burden of war
• The woman of Rome had no right or duty to share in politics and government, and the women needed guardians for all legal transactions
• The qualities that the Romans most admired in the leaders of their city state
• The Community and Family
• Instead of devoting his life directly to the city state as in Sparta, a Roman man belonged first of all to a family and a clan( a group of families descended from a real or mythical forefather)
• Clans and families were held together by fathers, paticully by men who had the status paterfamilias
• Paterfamilias= the " family father" in ancient Rome, who had unlimited power over his household
• One of the Republics most important deities, besides those worhsipped on the Capital, was Vesta, the goddess of hearth and home
• A married woman bore the title of matron which in latin means matrona or " lady mother.

Projects and Movie

Today in class we started off by presenting our projects. The group on conquering India went first. In the Battle of Asposioi he was wounded in the shoulder by a dart. Asposioi lost the fight. The Battle with Assakenoi Alex was severly wounded in the ankle. He left the buildings in rubble . Their army was huge and Alex was almost deafeted. Alex won an epic battle against Porus and Alex made an alliance with him. The Ganges River is where Alexander's men turned back and refused to continue. There are a few theories to how Alexander died. He could of died by fever, drinking and heavy wounds, drank water that had a disease, or he was poisioned. for his Burial he was laid in a gold anthropiod that was filled with honey. Pompey, Julius Ceasar, and Augustus all visited his tomb. Alexander left no succesors on his death bed he said " to the strongest". Then we watched a movie.

Presentations of Projects

 Today in class we presented our powerpoints. The first group to go talked about King Philip the Second. He was the King of Macedon from 359 BC until he was assassinated in 336 BC. he was father of Alexander the Great. He conquered a large part of upper Greece. Also in one of his battles he lost his right eye. He had many wives and did not get along with Alexander. Olympia was the mother of Alexander the Great. She had a better relationship with Alexander then Philip did. Zeus was a highly regarded Greek god. He was the god of thunder and lightning and is named the Father of gods and men besides Poseidon and Hades. Alexander the Great was told he was the son of Zeus by the ancient oracle of Ammon at Siwa. Alexander convinced people he had divinity. The next presentation talked about King Philips Death. He was assassinated in the spring of 336 BC. There are a couple theories to how he was killed. One is that  he was killed by a young Macedonian noblbe who was King Philips body guard during a wedding at Aega. They think the guard and King Philip were lovers so the guard got jealous and killed him. Another theory is that the Persians paid someone to kill him, In 334 BC Alexander acceded his father. the first thing he did was execute all threats to his throne. alexander had the Balkan campaign. Another theory to King Philips death is that Olymias killed him. Alexander became King at age 20. he conquered the Persian Empire by the time he was 26. Alexander was tutured by many different people when he was young. His first tutor was Leonidas and he tuaght Alexander skills that would help him in battle. Then Aristotle tuaght him and he taught Alexander politics, drama, poetry, science, and philosophy. Alexander's favorite book was the Iliad and he carried a copy of this book everywhere. Alex had a horse named Bucephalid9 means oxhead) and he was a black stalin horse. The horse died at age 30.

Group Presentations and my Birthday!

Today was my birthday so I got to wear the sparkly hat. In the beginning everyone sang to me. I brought brownies for the class but there was not alot left becuase my advisory ate them all.Then we worked on our group projects that we started yesterday.  My group finished theirs. I think we did really well. We have alot of information and some pictures to make it interesting. Nick worked on Alexander fighting the Persians. I worked on significant battles.Mary worked on Alexander fighting Egypt.Then we got back our tests and went over them. I was very happy that I received a 100 percent on the test.

New Group Project

Today in class we started by going over the blog we had for homework last night. Then we got a group project. We did not get to pick our groups. Mr. Schick picked them by counting up the rows until seven then starting all over again until everyone had a number. I was a number 4. The other number fours in my group are Nick and Mary. The topic for our powerpoint is Alexander's military career. When we got into our group we divided the work. Nick is doing battling the Persians. Mary is doing conquering Egypt. I am doing significant battles. I hope we get a good grade on our powerpoint because its the last grade for quarter three.

Why the Athenians lost to Sparta and what happened in 359 B.C.

Hellenistic= A phase during and after Alexander in the Greek civilization that happened by 300 B.C. when the Greek's culture was the main culture in the world  and had an impact on people that the Greeks had control over.

The Athenians lost the Peloponnesian War becuase of many reasons. One of the main reasons was when Athens was fighting the Persians it asked for the other city states to give money, so Athens could build more tririmes and defend Greece. After the war was over and the Persians had lost Athens kept demanding money from the other city states. The other city states did not like how Athens was treating them like paying subjects, so they turned to Sparta. They wanted Sparta to put Athens back in its place. This was one of the reasons why the Peloponnesian War started. If it had never started Athens would not have lost its period of The Golden Ages. Another factor that made the Athenians lose was their leadership and planning. Pericles, the ruler at the time of the war, had a plan that he thought could not fail. His plan was to build a wall around Athens and keep everyone in. Athens would get food and the supplies it needed by the harbor, Piraeus. The Athenian tririmes would bring them supplies and also fight Sparta on the water. Pericles plan might have worked if a natural disaster did not occur. The natural disaster was a terrible plague that killed 1/3 of the population. The plague was accidently brought over by the ships that were carrying Athenian food and supplies. Another reason Athens lost was because of leadership. when the plague hit Pericles was killed and  the other politicians argued to take power. One of the biggest reasons why Athens lost the war was because its navy was weakened. In 413 BC Athens lost 2/3 of its fleet during a battle against Syracuse. The the Persians helped Sparta build a fleet to fight the Athens. With Sparta's new fleet  they beat the Athenians during the battle of Aegospotami. When Athens had barely any navy left they could not get food too Athens, so they had to surrender because of starvation. These were the reasons why  Athens lost to Sparta.

In 359 B.C. King Philip the second  became the King of Macedonia. He started to strengthen his army so he could take over Greece. He made very careful plans to take over Greece and even had agents  working inside of the Greek city states to make sure the city states didn't join forces against him.



Macedonia is to the East of Italy and to the North of Greece.

Study Guide

Worksheet / Study Guide for

CLASSICAL GREECE

and

The Greeks: Crucible of Civilization

Want to do well on the next test?  Here’s where to start:  Know what’s on this sheet.  Post the answers on your blog.  Find the answers by checking your text, doing independent research, taking good notes while watching the video, or referring to the website that accompanies the video: http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks .

IMPORTANT DATES:  In a sentence or two, describe what important or historical event took place on the following dates:

1600 – 1200 BC= The Mycenaean Civilization

1150 – 750 BC= The Dark Ages

776 BC= The Olympic Games were started

750 – 700 BC= Homer wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey

508 BC= Athens rebelled against their rulers and the aristocrats and Athens started their democracy. It was a new dawn form Athens they turned to Cleisthenes to run their democracy.

490 BC= Pheidippides runs from Athens to Sparta and the war of Marathon happens when the Persians( King Darius) try to take over Athens

480 BC= Themistocles built triremes. King Darius son tried to take over Athens again with a huge army. The people abandoned Athens and the woman  went to a city and the men fought on the triremes. They lured the Persians into the Strait of Salamis.

461 – 429 BC= Age of Pericles This is when he first took power and then the last date is when he died of the plague

447 – 438 BC= built the Parthenon

431 – 404 BC= Pericles took podium and wanted to go to war with Sparta because he thought they were a threat and they did. Its called the Peloponnesian war.  It ended the golden ages of Athens when they loose to Sparta. Athens lost about 1/3  or 2/3 of their population  during this war.

399 BC= Socrates dies of poison

336 BC= alexander the Great created his empire

MEN, WOMEN, GODS AND GODDESSES YOU SHOULD KNOW:  In one or two sentences, describe what is significant about the following people (or immortals):

Homer= an early poet that preserved the traditional myths of the deities personalities and deeds in his writings. He wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey.

Odysseus= Trojan War hero who spent ten years trying to get home to his wife.

Zeus= the ruler of the sky, presided over a divine family

-          Had many wives

-          God of sky and thunder

Athena= She was one of Zeus offspring/ she was an armed and warlike virgin

-          She was linked with skill and wisdom

-          Patron of Athens

-          Goddess of wisdom

 Not on the Test: Draco= formulate the Greek laws into one Greek written law

-          He was really strict

Pisistratus=came into Athens with the Goddess of Athens but she was really just another woman from another city. He became a tyrant of Athens and turned to the people for support. He was not a mean or harsh ruler he paved the way for democracy. He lent the common people money and reduced their taxes.

Cleisthenes= an aristocrat and was told since birth to be a leader of Athens. He was thrown out of power.

-          He saw that ordinary people should have freedom, so he sent the Greeks on the road to civilization

-          Born around 570 BC

Darius (the Great)= King of Persia during the battle of Marathon and he lost to Athens.

-Xerxes= Darius son and gained power as the new Persian empire.

Pheidippides= ran from Sparta to Athens to ask for help but was turned down. Ran 140 miles in just two days

Themistocles= built the triremes

            -fought in the marathon war

            -

Pericles= leader of Athens  and started the Polyponnesian  war

Aristophanes= Pericles partner

Socrates= one of the most famous philosphers

Plato

Aristotle

Alexander the Great

LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION:  Be able to locate the following on a map:

Athens                         Sparta                                      Peloponnesus                          Ionia

Ionian Sea                               Aegean Sea                             Persian Empire

GREEK POLITICAL STRUCTURES: Describe these political institutions:

Monarchy= a state in which supreme power is held by a single, usually hereditary ruler.              Democracy= In ancient Greece, a form of government in which all adult male citizens were entitled to take part in decision.

 Oligarchy= A state in which supreme power is held by a small group

 Aristocracy= is a form of government in which a few elite citizens rule called aristocrats

PERICLES’ THREE GOALS FOR ATHENS: Name ‘em; describe ‘em. 1 to strengthen Athenian democracy2 to hold and strengthen the empire

3to glorify Athens

GREEK ART: Identify and describe examples in these fields:

Sculpture = the greeks passion for beauty and their interest in human forms are clearly reflected in their sculpture

-          Early greek statues like their buildings reveal an Egyptian influence

-          The nudity and the smiling faces represent the nakedness of greek athletes and expressing the joy of victory are greek innovations

-          -The statues carved during the fifth century bc were chiefly of gods and goddesses and they resembled mortals

-          Phidias was the most highly respected sculpter of Athens in the golden ages and was in charge of the Parthenon sculptures.

-          He carved the gigantic wood statue of Athena that was 35 feet tall that was placed in the main inner chamber rof the Parthenon

-          The discus Thrower was another famous sculpture done by Myron                   

Architecture= they built open marketplaces enclosed by covered colonnades( rows of collumns), outdoor amphitheaters for dramatic festivials, open air gymnasiums, race courses, and stadiums but their main one was the temple. 

-          Parthenon of Athens was their best temple

-          The Parthenon was designed about 450 BC by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates a spart of Pericles plan for rebuilding the Acropolis after the Persians had destroyed the earlier sacred structures there. It measures 100 by230 feet                         

Drama (tragedy and comedy)  =  

-tragedy began in the 6^th century .

-The most successful writer of Greek comedy  was Aristophanes. He used his plays to make fun of local politicians, poets, and philosophers with whom he disagreed, as well as the politics and government of Athens democracy as in the Lysistrata and the assemblywoman.  

- Comedies and tragedies were presented during the festivial of Dionysus in open air amphitheaters

- the three biggest tragedy writers were Aeschuylus, Sophocles, and Euripides

-Aeschylus wrote the Orestes trilogy- Agamemnon, the libation bearers, and the Eumenides 

 - these stories are about the family crimes of the royal house of Atreus.