Exam review

15 Questions on Geographical Luck

• Jared Diamond
• Papa NeGueana
• He went there becuase he was a Bird watcher
• He found that there were people there still living th ehunter and gather life
• The people in Papa NeGuena ate sago/ it did t have protien and vitimines and nutrients/ took so much work to get but you could not store it
• Geographical Luck
• if you dont have to use all your time looing and making food then you would have time to specialize in other activitie

• Mesopotamia was the first civilization/ It is now the middle eas
• they had good crops/ they good grow wheat
• Sumarians were the first people in Mesopotamia 
• Cunieforn was there way of writing
• Egyptians wrote in heiroglypohs 
• Back then people tended to stay on the same latitude so the same animals and crops could grow
• Places on the same latitude will have the same conditions and times of day
• 14  DOmesticated Animal\
• Zebra is a bad DOMESTICATED ANIMAL
• A GOOD one is the HORSE
• irrigation is when you move water in order to grow crops
• The code of  Hammurabi  were  the first laws

• Pre history is the time when things were not written down
• History started when people started keeping track of things by writting things down

Egypt 10 questions

• life centered around the Nile river
• so much of it is a desert
• the river flows south to north
• it flows this way because there is higher elevation in the south
• the area where it hits the mediteranean sea is called the delta
• the delta water has silt which is great fertile soil
• the kings of Eygpt were know as Pharaohs
• they built pyramids
• pyramids were used as tombs
• The Great pyramid of Guiza and the Spinx were built  2500 BC
• slaves helped with the household duties and helped the white kilt class
• social classe:
• slaves and servants
• farmers
• artisans and merchants
• soldiers
• high priests/ nobility
• Pharaoh 
• GREECE
• before they had a democracy they had a monarchy
• Descrube the difference between Spartans and the Athenians******* ESSAY QUESTION
• Sparta when you were a boy when you were 7 you had to go to a camp and be trained
• In athens you did not get taken from your home to fight so young/ you didnt get started till you were 14
• Spartans had a land based army and the Athenians had a really hard navy/built ships called tririmes
• Spartian woman had high status becuase the men were always gone and the Athenian woman could not vote and do naything that the men could
• Spattains thought as a group and Athenians thought as individuals
• The patron saint of Athens is athena / you would find a big statue sof athena i nthe parthonon/ the leader of building this is Pericles
• During the age of Pericles this is when Athens had its golden age
• The delian league was a bunch of city states  ut with athens i charge
• Pericles ruined it all ny fighting sparta in the Polypenesian war
• Athens all went inside a wall 
• Greeks inventited the Olympics in 776 BC
• Athenians invented theaters and watched entertainment
• Homerwrote the Illiat and the Odyssey/ Illiat was about the trojan war and the Odyssey is about a man named Oddisius who tries to return home to his wife and son after the trojan war
• Arete is the term that in whatever you do you do it with excellence 
• term were you are so proud of yourslef and you feel you can do no wrong is called hubris
• What was the play were the man killed his father and slept ith his mother= Oedipus Rex
• Oracles could apparentyl see the futute the oracle of delphie is the most famous
• Themisticales wanted to spend money on building tririmes

Last Test

Today in class we took our last test of the year. This test was on feudalism. I think I did well. I was pretty sure I knew all of the questions except for one. The test was only 15 multiple choice questions. Then we talked about our text books. We get to keep them until the day of our exam, and we will turn them in after our exam to our proctor. i just found out I dont have to blog anymore for the rest of the year. Bye blog

Review for Feudalism

Today in class we reviewed for our test by filling out a study guide. Here is what I filled out of my study guide.

Feudalism= A term coined by historians to describe the type of government institutions, as well as the general social and political relationships, that existed among the warrior-landholders in much of Europe during the Middle Ages.

feudal compact= An arrangement  between a lord and his vassal involving the exchange of property for personal service

fief= A grant of land and accompanying government responsibilities and power.

Vassal= knight who pledges allegiance to a lord

Knight= warrior

homage= A vassal’s act of promising loyalty and obedience to his lord

serf= they were bound to the land and to their lords for "labor service" a few days each week

baron= A great lord who exercised government  authority over fast family territory.

Peasantry

estates= In the middle ages, the groups that made up society: often defined as those who pray, those who fight, and those who work

manor= The principal farming property and social unit of a medieval community, usually belonging to a member of the feudal nobility or to a Church institution

three-field-system= A method of crop rotation designed to maintain the fertility of the soil and to provide for a regular supply of fall and spring crops

internal colonization= The process of cultivation and settling in formerly wild land in medieval Europe

suburb= outside of the wall

guild= An organization of merchants or craftspeople who regulated the activities of their members and set standards and prices

master= A craftsman who had the right to operate workshops, train others, and vote on guild business

journeyman= A licensed artisan who had served an apprenticeship and who was employed by a master and paid at a fixed rate per day.

Apprentice= A “learner” in the shop of a master

Masterpiece= what a journeyman must complete before becoming a master in a certain skill

water mill

and yes, iron plow

Chapter 11 Manors, Towns, and Kingdoms, 1000-1300

Today in class we started our last chapter if the year. This chapter is about the medieval times and feudalism.We took notes from a power-point that was made by the text book company. Here are my notes:

• Feudalism
• Feudalism is a term used by historians to describe the governmental system and the relationships between landowners and warriors
• Warriors, known as knights, would pledge his allegiance to a lord, who would in turn give that knight land
• The lord would grant a fief(property) to the knight, who would ten become the lord's vassal(servant)- this was called the "feudal compact"
• The vassal must fight for the lord when he needs it and attend his court once a month
• A vassal was a professional relationship not like a servant where the servant cant look or talk to the lord
• Homage and Knighthood
• a vassal was required to pay homage to his lord, usually this meant kneeling down and taking the lord's hand in his while speaking an oath of loyalty
• Men were apprenticed to older knights before they could become a full knight themselves
• When a knight died, his fief would revert to his son, through his lord would be protector of that son if he was underage, or if it was a daughter. 
• The Feudalization of the Church
• Some clergy were known to fight as knights themselves
• Feudal States
• Barons were lords of large territories who usually paid homage to a king
• Often Baron's army could outnumber that of a king, which kept in check on the king's power
• The divine right of the king gave him power over his vassals, no matter how much land they had
• Peasants and Lords
• The Manorial Estate
• Medieval society was divided into three "estates":the clergy, the nobility  and the common people
• Usually the peasantry farmed on large plantations known as "manors" which were owned by a lord or lady of the nobility (or a member of the clergy)
• Iron plows and water-powered grinding mills helped with agricultural production, but the yield was still minuscule by today's standards
• To maintain the health of the soil, the "three-field system" was used where two fields were planted(on in fall, one in spring) and one field was left to reconsitute its fertility- then they were rotated
• Villages sprung up on and around manors with small cottages for the peasants and a large manor house for the lord and lady
• The people of the manor
• the lord was in charge and he gave people things to do
• Stewards or bailiffs oversaw everyday things for the lord
• The lady of the house ran household operations, oversaw servants, entertained guests and ran the manor when her husband was away
• Most peasants were serfs, meaning they were bound to the land and to their lords for "labor service" a few days each week
• The serfs were responsible for the "internal colonization  of Europe, that is the cultivating and settling of previously uninhibited land
• During this time the population was rising and this is why
• trade and towns
• The agricultural boom after 1000 allowed for the establishment of many towns across Europe
• Farm produce and animals were sold in towns and people with wealth brouht their luxury items there
• Items like spices and silks came overland from port cities like Venice and Genoa, who received the goods from eastern capitals like Constantinople
• European exported wool, linen, horses , weaponry and slaves, to name a few
• England and the low countries were paticulary known for their trade in wool and cloth
• The Location and Appearance of Towns
• Most medieval towns were surrounded by fortified walls
• Residences also sprang up outside the walls in the suburbs
• Towns were dominated by a main church and a central marketplace
• Buildings for the craft guilds and the wealthiest families would also be in the center of the town
• The Life of the Townspeople
• Through townspeople were free unlike serfs, they still had a hierarchy: merchants at the top,then skilled craftsmen and artisans, then unskilled laborers ad apprentices
• The Guilds
• Merchants, craftsmen and artisans formed their own groups called guilds which regulated their trade and protected its members
• Craftsmen were classified as masters, journeymen, and apprentices
• Once became a master after spending years learning as an apprentice, working as a paid journeyman for a number of years, and completing his "masterpiece"
• Guilds participated in religious feasts and festivals, social organizations and usually provided well for charitites

Going over Test and Pop Quiz

The first thing we did in class today was get back our pop quizzes from last week. I received a one hundred one that. When we got our quizzes back we got to get a bag of cookies, thanks to Becca. I got three snincker doodle cookies.  Then we got back our tests and went over them. I got a one hundred and one on the test. I really got a ninety seven but everyone in my class got an extra four points because Mr.Schick curved the tests. I got points off on the last essay question, which was describe Constantine's vision.when we were going over the test Mr.Schick hinted at one of the essay questions. One of the essay questions might be what seven things did Diocletian do to persecute the Christians.

After Rome 500-700

In the beginning of class we reviewed from yesterdays class and then took a five question pop quiz. After that we took notes on the Germanic tribes and what happened to the Roman Empire after it fell apart. Here are some notes from class today:
After Rome 500-700

• Germanic Kingdoms of Western Europe
• The Germanic Barbarians
• Barbarian warlords and their families who assimilated into Roman culture became the "nobles" or aristocrats of medieval Europe
• Germanic tribes who ruled former Roman lands sought to conquer and assimilate other barbarian peoples who lived beyond the frontiers and were still pagans
• More on Germanic Kingdoms
• The Angles and the Saxons(from Denmark and northwestern Germany) invaded Britain and assimilated the native Britons 
• Most of the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity in the seventh century
• The most powerful Germanic tribe was the Franks
• But the real power lay with the "mayors of the palace" who were royal officials and nobles themselves
• Meanwhile, back in the Eastern Empire....
• From "Eastern Empire" to "Byzantium"
• The eastern Roman Empire continued on while the west was now dived up by the barbarian tribes
• When the emperor Justinian came to power in 527, he decided to reunite the entire Roman Empire by re-conquering the western territories  
• Justinian succeeded for a time, but the land he re-took was soon conquered by new barbarians tribes and a massive plague depopulated much of the west
• Its christian empire now
• Greek Byzantine emperors saw themselves as Roman empires and the heads of the Christian Church
• Byzantines preserved Greco-Roman art, architecture, philosophy  and writing despite much of it being non-Christian
• Justinian built the massive domed Hagia Sophia("Holy Wisdom") in Constantinople, considered to be the most glorious church on earth at the time
• Third version finished in 537, the Cathedral of Hagia Sophia, Justinian's cathedral, was later a mosque and is now a museum. Using knowledge of the geometry of curves, it has a dome supported by arches high in the air that remained a model for both church builders and mosque builders for more than a thousand years.

Rome Fades Away/ End of an Era

Rome Fades Away

• Two emperors
• Diocletian
• he rules from 284-303
• its cool to persecute Christians
• Rome needs a big army(400,00 strong)
• Rome needs a big government(20,000 officials)
• Constantine
• Rules from 306-337
• its cool to be a christian
• conversion to Christianity
• via a cross in the sky(conquer by this)
• 313- his Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
• built a new capital in the East
• Byzantium, soon to be known as Constantinople
• the struggle of the peasants
• life in the fourth century
• country dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection
• new farming systems; peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
• peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by the landlords
• paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back breaking work( such a deal)
• landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire
• fore shading feudalism= a system wear you have someone that controls a small area and you work like crazy for the lord of the manor
• The western Empire crumbles
• Rome's power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power
• western Empire is too poor, begins to be neglected
• Huns migrate from China to eastern Europe
• Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410
• Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean
• Other barbarian tribes
• Ostrogoth in Italy
• Franks in Gaul
• Angles and Saxons in Britain
• end of an era
• from the beginnings...
• 500 BC- the monarchy is abolished
• 450 BC- the Twelve tables are established
• ...Through the glory days...
• 44 BC- end of the line for Julius Caesar
• 27 BC- 180 BC- the Roman Peace( Pax Romana)
• To the bitter end... 
• constant fifth century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman empire shattered and crumbling
• the last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
• barbarians deposed Romulus Augustus without bothering to kill him
• 476 was the last empire for the western Roman empire
• There is still an eastern Roman empire but Rome and the western part is done
• Barbarians conquer
• Angels= England
• Saxons= conquered Germany
• Ostrogoth= Italy
• Huns= Came from China and they conquered Hungary
• Vandals=  North Africa/Carthage and went and conquered Rome
• Visigoths= Spain and Portugal 
• franks=
  • -Germanic Tribe that became the French
  • -They conquered Gaul-Gaul is now present day France, Luxembourg and Belgium - Mostly Switzerland, Northern Italy and parts of the Netherlands and Germany-They were the most powerful of the Germanic Tribes-They created a strong barbarian kingdom after the end of the Western Roman Empire
  •  
    

Chapter 10 LO1

Chapter 10 LO1

• By 1000, Civilization had spread throughout Europe  and the three-thousand- year-old European barbarian way of life had come to an end
• Shortly after 700 AD the renewal of the European civilization in the West began with the rise to power of a new dynasty in the Frankish kingdom, the Carolingians
• Around 800 AD the Carolingian warrior king Charlemagne was able to conquer barbarian peoples in central Europe
• By 700 AD the kingdom of the Franks once the most powerful state in western Europe was seemingly falling apart
• On particular family that had become exceptionally wealthy and powerful in the continual factional struggles gained the hereditary position of one and only major of the palace throughout the Frankish kingdom
• In 714 an out od wedlock son of the family by the name of Charles laid claim to the position and won it in several years of civil war
• Charles was a ruthless and warlike ruler who went down in history as Charles MArtel ("Charles the Hammer")
• In 732 an Arab army moved out of the occupied territory on a large scale raid far north into the Frankish kingdom. Charles intercepted then near the town of Tours and forced them to retreat.
• Charles MArtel's son, Pepin< decided that the time had come for the actual power in the kingdom to be recognized as the legal power
• With papal approval, the last Merovingian king was sent to live out his life as a monk, the assembled Frankish nobles chose Pepin to replace him, and Pepin was annoitned( holy oil placed on him) by Archbishop Boniface of Fulda, a monk and missionary in the kingdom's eastern lands who was close to both Pepin and the pope.
• This was the first time in history of any western European kingdom that a king began hhis rign with a solem religious ceremony
• Both coronation and annointing soon became the normal inauguration ceremony for kings throughout Europe. In this way, kings proclaimed that their power came from God.
• Charles, Pepin's son and Charles MArtel's grandson was a towering figure, celbrated in history and legan under the name of Charlemagne( the french version of Charles the Great)
• He had a 46 year reign
• Charlemagne was a rutless and cruel in battle, he fought not only for territory and spoils but alsoHe led his armies into Italy in 774 and broke the Lombard power
• His hardest campaigns which lasted some thirty years were against the Saxons
• encouraged by the church he was determined to transform the Saxons into christian subjects
• Charlemagne attacked the nomadic nation of the Avars
• Charlemagne governed through local officials called counts. Each count represented the crown in a givin region, his county. He presided over a court that met once a month, collected fines, and in time of war called out the warriors of his county.
• Sometimes for purposes of defense several counties were grouped into a karger unit headed by a duke
• Charlemagne made his capital at Aachen
• The most dramatic event of Charlemagnes's rule was his coronation as " Charles Augustus, Emperor of the Romans". The even took place on Christmas Day, 800, while the Frankish King was attending mass in Saint Peters's Basilica in Rome. Supposedly he had not planned the coronation beforehand, his biographer Einhard, reports that Pope Leo the third without warming placed the crown on his head and declaredhim emperor

Review for Test on Wednesday

Test Review:

• How much bigger was Diocletian army then Augustus
• How many people in the army are under Constantine
•  Why did Jesus mostly minister to poor people? What were the effects?
• more poor people then rich,
• What does gospel mean?= Good news
• Constantine visiom
• say a sign vision or dream that there was a crossing the sun and it said conquer by this
• the battle he fought right after this vision was called the battle of the Milvan Bridge
• Constantine ends the persecution of the Christians
• Know what the edicts did
• destroy the churches and burn the scriptures, destroy careers, take out the heirachy in the church
• Built a new capital called Constantinople that was originally called Byzantium
• Edict of milan said you cant persecute anyone for their religous beliefs anymore
• 300 AD how many people where in the ROman empire?= 60 million
• Predestination= the word that meant that God chose who was to be saved and who was to be damed
• edict is an official proclemation
• 27 BC - 180 AD - the Roman Peace (Pax Romana)
  
  

Diocletian and Constantine

• Diocletian Persecution was the harshest form of persecution to the Christians
• Diocletian ordered a series of edicts
• Edict One
• He sentenced the newly built Christian Church in Nicomedia to be completely destroyed
• All Christian scriptures, liturgical books, as well as places of worship to be demolished
• He ordered the Christians that they are prohibited from assembling for worship
• He said that all Christians were to be stripped of their rankings as senator, equestrians,decurions,veterans, and soldiers
• The Second Edict
• This ordered the arrest as well as the imprisonment of all bishops and priests
• The Third Edict
• This ordered that if any imprisoned clergyman wanted to be freed, he would have to make a sacrifice to the Roman gods
• The Fourth Edict
• This ordered all men, women, and children to come to the public square and make a collective sacrifice together and if they refused, they would be executed
• Constantine's connection to Christianity
• The night before a battle, Constantine had a dream of God coming to him and telling him that he needed to put the sign of the cross on his armies shield
• Constantine built up the Roman army and in order to pay for his army he introduced a new gold currency. He shared power with other emperors which were his sons, and began to build a new capital

Diocletian:

• edicts are laws that come from the highest authority in the empire from the emperor/ law of the land
• the Christians would start meeting secretly and they kept a low profile
• The killing of the Christians deepened some of the Christians faith because they looked at the people who died for there faith as maryters

Constantine:

• His mother and father was a christian
• he had a vision
• he tries praying to the christian God before a battle and then in the sky he saw a cross and the words "by this you shall conquer"  and then he sees it in his dream and then he made all of his men paint the christian symbol on their shields. And then they won their battle
• Edict of Milan= you cant persecute anyone for their religion anymore
• if you had your land taken away the edict said that you get your land back
• if they took someones stuff they gave it back

Eusibius made a report on Constanitine after the battle

The Roman Empire Stuggles

• The Roman Empire Struggles
• 99 problems
• In the third century AD
• epidemic disease spreads throughout the Empire
• its too hard to defend the frontier against the barbarians
• emperors began to lose their hold on power
• stayed in power for an average of two and a half years,due to wars or assassination
• maintaining armies is expensive
• still too many poverty- stricken  citizens
• Diocletian to the rescue
• 284 AD- Diocletian's reforms
• increase the size of the army to 400,00
• 1/3 bigger than during Augustus' time
• recruit from the ranks of the barbarians
• Divide Roman territories into smaller provinces
• this new government had 20,000 officials- ten times more than under Augustus
• they were more efficient at collecting higher taxes- this greater yield provided for a larger army
• advantage of this is there good be more ideas about how to do things
• disadvantage is that the government people could be corrupt and try to take over
• Time marches on...
• 300 AD
• 60 million people in the Roman Empire
• several million are Christians
• Christianity has quite am appeal to the poor and disenfranchised- and there are plenty of those
• more Christians- more face-to-face contacts-more conversions- more offspring
• some Christians are even gaining positions of power, becoming the ruling elite
• during this time there was persecution which can mean messing with someone business, making them fight, or hurting them
• To persecute or not to persecute
• Diocletian ( ruled from 284-305) left Christians alone at first
• Then he undertook the most systematic persecution of all
• Constantine ruled as emperor 306-337
• What was his connection with Christianity?
• and how did he reconstruct the empire?

Then after theses notes we got in groups and worked on a PowerPoint answering some questions about Christianity and Constantinople.
the information that we put on the powerpoint was:

• in 313 Constantine issued the edict of Milan, which ended persecution and gave the people freedom to worship
• It was Constantine's choice to standardize Christianity
• Constantine was a Christian himself
• He was exposed to Christianity by his mother, Helena
• Christian conversion was the turning point of Christianity and was called the triumph of the church sometimes
• It is unknown when began to believe in the Christian God
• During the wars, he began ti use the cross as his symbol stating that he had saw it one day above the sun with words ' Conquer by this sign"
• In the fourth century the cities became centers of social life for wealthy landowners and of Christian religious life
• Edict One =Diocletian was irritated by the boldness of the Christians. So he ordered to have all of their Churches and scriptures burned; preventing the religious gathering of Christians.
• Edict Two=Thinking that his first edict wasn't working fast enough, Diocletian had all the priests and bishops arrested. So many religious powers were arrested that the other criminals had to be released. 
• Edict Three=Diocletian stated that if any Christian in jail could be released. They had to make a sacrifice to the Roman Gods, some people willingly did it and other were forced by being tortured into making the decision. 
• Edict Four
•  Created an army with about half a million  troops
• -Created a gold coinage to pay for the army
• - Built a new capital called Constantinople that was originally called Byzantium
• - He abolished  crucifixion but replaced it with hanging
• -Gadiatorial games were cancelled in 325 BC

Christianity in the Pax Romana

Today in class we first went over out test. I got a 90 on the test becuase I got two questions wrong. The first question I got  wrong was Tiberus Gracchus' first military accomplishment came during the invasion of what city. The correct answer was Carthage. The second question I got wrong was which of these modern dat countries was NOT part of ancient Gaul? The correct answer was Iran. Then we took notes on Jesus and Christianity.After our notes we took a five question pop quiz.

Notes on Christianty:

• Roots of Christianity
• It all begins with Jesus
• most of what we know of Jesus comes from the "Gospels" of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John
• "Gospel" means "good news"
• Jesus was a Jewish itinerant preacher in Judea who set himself apart from other "Messiahs"
• Jesus taught that one must strive for perfection since God was perfect, and Jesus sought out the imperfect society
• Jesus hung out with tax collectors and prostitutes
• Jesus' followers believed he was the "Messiah" who had come to end the world and bring the truly faithful into the kingdom of God
• Jesus was believed to be both man and the son of God;both human and divine
• Jesus was deemed a threat to Roman rule and was crucified, though his followers believed he rose from the dead and ascended to heaven
• The followers of Jesus who attempted to spread the word of his teachings were known as apostles
• Start spreading the news
• Paul of Tarsus was a Jew who became a follower of Jesus after a miraculous vision on the road to Damascus
• Paul started spreading the word but he never meet him or laid eyes on him
• Paul talked of "predestination" which meant that God chose who was to be saved and who was to be damned
• Paul was well-traveled, he helped found churches in many places, and he kept in touch with these new Christians by letters(Corinth, Thessalonian, Rome, Ephesus)
• he traveled all over the mediteranean and even in Rome 

Christianity in Rome

Today in class we turned in our papers and took our test. I think i did okay one the test. After the test we had to read a section of the text book. Here are the notes that I got from this reading.

• Christianity in the Era of the Roman Peace
• Its was during the time period od jewish conflict and dispute leading up to the destruction of the Temple in A.D 70 that Jesus lived and taught
• The authors of the Gospel felt no need to set down alll the details of Jesus's life but focused on his birth, the brief years when he was wondering preacher in Jeduea, and his death and aftermath
• jesus is the messiah 
• becuase he claimed he was the messiah the romans crucified him
• apostles= Jesus's followers and messengers
• Greek is the international langueage of the Jews
• Paul was one of Jesus's apostles
• from a city in Antatolia
• his letters are the earliest surviving documents of the belief
• predestination= the doctrine that God determines in advance who will be saved and who will be damned
• within the earliest churches there was no formal structure of authority or power
• the believers in Jesus also belonged not only to the church  but also to other human groups, families, cities, the Roman Empire
• Paul died in A.D 60 and was probally beheaded in Rome as a Jewish troublemaker

Roman Peace Paper

Today in class we worked on our paper that is do on Monday  Our paper is about the time of the Roman peace. For this paper we get to work with partners. Eleanor and I are partners for this assignment. The paper only has to be 500 words, but we can write more if we want to.We had the whole class time to start our paper.We also found out that in class on monday we will be having a test.

Rome Notes

First we finished the video and Tiberius was killed.Then we took notes on the powerpoint.
Whats wrong with Rome?

• Soilders/ farmers who fought in Rome's wars often lost their farms when they returned to Italy and were reduced to the lowest" proletarian" citizen status
• War profiteers abounded and traded in slaves, weapons, and often bought abandoned farms to create large plantations(latifundia)
• "Just grab some land!" Tiberus Gracchus is not cool with that

Hey, Its Living

• War Profiteers
• used their wealth to buy up ruined farms
• small lots were merged into large estates for use as vineyards, olive gorves, or pastureland for livestock
• displaced farmers could not compete with the low cost of hiring slaves(Carthage)
• In 150 BC, slaves made up one third of the population of Italy
• The Gracchi attempt to Reform
• In the second century B.C, the Gracchi brothers attempted to carve out special rights for the poor, bu their attempts were opposed and they were eventually murdered by their enemies in the Senate
• Plan:
• resettle many of the city's poor(including army veterans) on small farms
• Provide  a public subsidy of grain(welfare) for those who remained in Rome
• This would raise the number of independent, self sufficient farmers
• Would also reduce the gap between rich and poor
• With Tiberius in the assembly as a tribune, this woulda shoulda coulda worked
• ...The Best laid Plans...sometimes run out of time
• Tribunes only served one year, so Tiberius came up short
• His( possibly illegal) re-election simply enraged his enemies
• It didn't help that the Senate already saw him as a dangerous troublemaker
• they killed Tiberus, and over 300 of his supporters
• his younger brother Gaius, meanwhile....
• Its gross, but heres what happened to Gaius after he was killed by the senate
• Graius head was cut off, as Opimius had announced that whomever brought back the head would be paid its weight in gold. When the head measured an astonishing seventeen and two thirds pounds, it was discovered that Septimuleius, who brought the head, committed fraud by removing the brain and pouring in molten leas and therefore recieved no reward at all. The bodies of Gaius was thrown into the river Tiber.
• Rise of Julius C
• A talented patrician, formed a unique government with two former Sulla allies, Pompey and Crassus, known as the triumvirate
• Pompey was an accomplished general, Crassus the richest man in Rome( and one of the richest men in history)
• Julius was named proconsul of so. Gual, and within eight years conquered the rest of it, as well as parts of Britian and Germany, giving him great wealth, power and influence
• Power and Ambition
• Pompey is jealous, and the Senate is worried
• They tell Caesar to disband his army before returning to Rome
• instead he and his army cross the Rubicon and make a grand, heroic entrance
• this causes a near civil war between Caesar's forces and Pompey's troops
• Pompey is defeated in Greece, and is killed in Egypt where he had taken refuge
• today crossing the Rebricon means if you are going to do something or not
• Large and in Charge
• 46 BC: Caesar returned to Rome in triumph and was declared "Father of the Fatherland"( an awesome title invented just for him)
• JC had hiself appointed tribune, supreme pontiff, consul, and dictator- some at the same time
• why not shoot the works?- he had the senate name him dictator for life
• we have now come full circle since the days of Tarquin the Proud
• Whatcha gonna do with all that power
• resettle war veterans on farmlands in Italy and i nthe provinces
• extend Roman citizenship to parts of Gual and Spain
• appointed citizens from the provinces to the Senate 
• build spledid buildings and roads
• introduce reform into every department of adminstration
• Julius Caesar was murdered on the Ides of MArch on March 15 in 44BC
• aftermath ti the murder
• Mark Antony and Octavian each got some of Caesar's troops, and formed a new truimvirate with another warlord- Lepidus
• Mark Antony and Octavian battled each other, then joined forces against JC's assassins, then became rivals again
• Antony has a love affair with Cleopatra, ruler of Eygpt, which is unpopular in Rome
• Octavian pushes out Lepidus, then defeats Antony and Clea in the naval battle of Actium
• When the dust settles...
• Octavian is the supreme warlord
• he runs a military dictorship
• he is named "Augustus' which means 'revered one"
• He is in charge of the greatest empire in the world
• he was 18 when Caesar was killed(44BC)
• now less than two decades later (27BC) he is the most powerful man in the world
• beginning of Pax Romana(Roman Peace)

Video Continued

Today in class we watched more of the video. In the video Tiberus went and fought in Spain to sieze control. The Rome legion was surrounded and had to surrender or else they would be killed. The Barbarians wanted to talk to Tiberus about a peace treaty and would not talk to anyone else. They agreed to let the men go and the Barbarians will have have equality with Rome and everlasting peace. The Roman senate was mad about the treaty. The General was killed for this treaty. Tiberus runs for tribune becuase he does not think the senate treats the people right. Tiberus marries Claudia to form a political alliance. Claudia was the daughter of a senator who was an Allie to Tiberus. When Tiberus gets ellected to Tribune he proposed that the common people can vote. He also veto's to shut down the banks and put the government at a stand still. Tiberus got the land petition passed after alot of work. The Senate tells everyone that Tiberus wants to be King of Rome. The common people did not take this news well.