Exam review

15 Questions on Geographical Luck

• Jared Diamond
• Papa NeGueana
• He went there becuase he was a Bird watcher
• He found that there were people there still living th ehunter and gather life
• The people in Papa NeGuena ate sago/ it did t have protien and vitimines and nutrients/ took so much work to get but you could not store it
• Geographical Luck
• if you dont have to use all your time looing and making food then you would have time to specialize in other activitie

• Mesopotamia was the first civilization/ It is now the middle eas
• they had good crops/ they good grow wheat
• Sumarians were the first people in Mesopotamia 
• Cunieforn was there way of writing
• Egyptians wrote in heiroglypohs 
• Back then people tended to stay on the same latitude so the same animals and crops could grow
• Places on the same latitude will have the same conditions and times of day
• 14  DOmesticated Animal\
• Zebra is a bad DOMESTICATED ANIMAL
• A GOOD one is the HORSE
• irrigation is when you move water in order to grow crops
• The code of  Hammurabi  were  the first laws

• Pre history is the time when things were not written down
• History started when people started keeping track of things by writting things down

Egypt 10 questions

• life centered around the Nile river
• so much of it is a desert
• the river flows south to north
• it flows this way because there is higher elevation in the south
• the area where it hits the mediteranean sea is called the delta
• the delta water has silt which is great fertile soil
• the kings of Eygpt were know as Pharaohs
• they built pyramids
• pyramids were used as tombs
• The Great pyramid of Guiza and the Spinx were built  2500 BC
• slaves helped with the household duties and helped the white kilt class
• social classe:
• slaves and servants
• farmers
• artisans and merchants
• soldiers
• high priests/ nobility
• Pharaoh 
• GREECE
• before they had a democracy they had a monarchy
• Descrube the difference between Spartans and the Athenians******* ESSAY QUESTION
• Sparta when you were a boy when you were 7 you had to go to a camp and be trained
• In athens you did not get taken from your home to fight so young/ you didnt get started till you were 14
• Spartans had a land based army and the Athenians had a really hard navy/built ships called tririmes
• Spartian woman had high status becuase the men were always gone and the Athenian woman could not vote and do naything that the men could
• Spattains thought as a group and Athenians thought as individuals
• The patron saint of Athens is athena / you would find a big statue sof athena i nthe parthonon/ the leader of building this is Pericles
• During the age of Pericles this is when Athens had its golden age
• The delian league was a bunch of city states  ut with athens i charge
• Pericles ruined it all ny fighting sparta in the Polypenesian war
• Athens all went inside a wall 
• Greeks inventited the Olympics in 776 BC
• Athenians invented theaters and watched entertainment
• Homerwrote the Illiat and the Odyssey/ Illiat was about the trojan war and the Odyssey is about a man named Oddisius who tries to return home to his wife and son after the trojan war
• Arete is the term that in whatever you do you do it with excellence 
• term were you are so proud of yourslef and you feel you can do no wrong is called hubris
• What was the play were the man killed his father and slept ith his mother= Oedipus Rex
• Oracles could apparentyl see the futute the oracle of delphie is the most famous
• Themisticales wanted to spend money on building tririmes

Last Test

Today in class we took our last test of the year. This test was on feudalism. I think I did well. I was pretty sure I knew all of the questions except for one. The test was only 15 multiple choice questions. Then we talked about our text books. We get to keep them until the day of our exam, and we will turn them in after our exam to our proctor. i just found out I dont have to blog anymore for the rest of the year. Bye blog

Review for Feudalism

Today in class we reviewed for our test by filling out a study guide. Here is what I filled out of my study guide.

Feudalism= A term coined by historians to describe the type of government institutions, as well as the general social and political relationships, that existed among the warrior-landholders in much of Europe during the Middle Ages.

feudal compact= An arrangement  between a lord and his vassal involving the exchange of property for personal service

fief= A grant of land and accompanying government responsibilities and power.

Vassal= knight who pledges allegiance to a lord

Knight= warrior

homage= A vassal’s act of promising loyalty and obedience to his lord

serf= they were bound to the land and to their lords for "labor service" a few days each week

baron= A great lord who exercised government  authority over fast family territory.

Peasantry

estates= In the middle ages, the groups that made up society: often defined as those who pray, those who fight, and those who work

manor= The principal farming property and social unit of a medieval community, usually belonging to a member of the feudal nobility or to a Church institution

three-field-system= A method of crop rotation designed to maintain the fertility of the soil and to provide for a regular supply of fall and spring crops

internal colonization= The process of cultivation and settling in formerly wild land in medieval Europe

suburb= outside of the wall

guild= An organization of merchants or craftspeople who regulated the activities of their members and set standards and prices

master= A craftsman who had the right to operate workshops, train others, and vote on guild business

journeyman= A licensed artisan who had served an apprenticeship and who was employed by a master and paid at a fixed rate per day.

Apprentice= A “learner” in the shop of a master

Masterpiece= what a journeyman must complete before becoming a master in a certain skill

water mill

and yes, iron plow

Chapter 11 Manors, Towns, and Kingdoms, 1000-1300

Today in class we started our last chapter if the year. This chapter is about the medieval times and feudalism.We took notes from a power-point that was made by the text book company. Here are my notes:

• Feudalism
• Feudalism is a term used by historians to describe the governmental system and the relationships between landowners and warriors
• Warriors, known as knights, would pledge his allegiance to a lord, who would in turn give that knight land
• The lord would grant a fief(property) to the knight, who would ten become the lord's vassal(servant)- this was called the "feudal compact"
• The vassal must fight for the lord when he needs it and attend his court once a month
• A vassal was a professional relationship not like a servant where the servant cant look or talk to the lord
• Homage and Knighthood
• a vassal was required to pay homage to his lord, usually this meant kneeling down and taking the lord's hand in his while speaking an oath of loyalty
• Men were apprenticed to older knights before they could become a full knight themselves
• When a knight died, his fief would revert to his son, through his lord would be protector of that son if he was underage, or if it was a daughter. 
• The Feudalization of the Church
• Some clergy were known to fight as knights themselves
• Feudal States
• Barons were lords of large territories who usually paid homage to a king
• Often Baron's army could outnumber that of a king, which kept in check on the king's power
• The divine right of the king gave him power over his vassals, no matter how much land they had
• Peasants and Lords
• The Manorial Estate
• Medieval society was divided into three "estates":the clergy, the nobility  and the common people
• Usually the peasantry farmed on large plantations known as "manors" which were owned by a lord or lady of the nobility (or a member of the clergy)
• Iron plows and water-powered grinding mills helped with agricultural production, but the yield was still minuscule by today's standards
• To maintain the health of the soil, the "three-field system" was used where two fields were planted(on in fall, one in spring) and one field was left to reconsitute its fertility- then they were rotated
• Villages sprung up on and around manors with small cottages for the peasants and a large manor house for the lord and lady
• The people of the manor
• the lord was in charge and he gave people things to do
• Stewards or bailiffs oversaw everyday things for the lord
• The lady of the house ran household operations, oversaw servants, entertained guests and ran the manor when her husband was away
• Most peasants were serfs, meaning they were bound to the land and to their lords for "labor service" a few days each week
• The serfs were responsible for the "internal colonization  of Europe, that is the cultivating and settling of previously uninhibited land
• During this time the population was rising and this is why
• trade and towns
• The agricultural boom after 1000 allowed for the establishment of many towns across Europe
• Farm produce and animals were sold in towns and people with wealth brouht their luxury items there
• Items like spices and silks came overland from port cities like Venice and Genoa, who received the goods from eastern capitals like Constantinople
• European exported wool, linen, horses , weaponry and slaves, to name a few
• England and the low countries were paticulary known for their trade in wool and cloth
• The Location and Appearance of Towns
• Most medieval towns were surrounded by fortified walls
• Residences also sprang up outside the walls in the suburbs
• Towns were dominated by a main church and a central marketplace
• Buildings for the craft guilds and the wealthiest families would also be in the center of the town
• The Life of the Townspeople
• Through townspeople were free unlike serfs, they still had a hierarchy: merchants at the top,then skilled craftsmen and artisans, then unskilled laborers ad apprentices
• The Guilds
• Merchants, craftsmen and artisans formed their own groups called guilds which regulated their trade and protected its members
• Craftsmen were classified as masters, journeymen, and apprentices
• Once became a master after spending years learning as an apprentice, working as a paid journeyman for a number of years, and completing his "masterpiece"
• Guilds participated in religious feasts and festivals, social organizations and usually provided well for charitites

Going over Test and Pop Quiz

The first thing we did in class today was get back our pop quizzes from last week. I received a one hundred one that. When we got our quizzes back we got to get a bag of cookies, thanks to Becca. I got three snincker doodle cookies.  Then we got back our tests and went over them. I got a one hundred and one on the test. I really got a ninety seven but everyone in my class got an extra four points because Mr.Schick curved the tests. I got points off on the last essay question, which was describe Constantine's vision.when we were going over the test Mr.Schick hinted at one of the essay questions. One of the essay questions might be what seven things did Diocletian do to persecute the Christians.

After Rome 500-700

In the beginning of class we reviewed from yesterdays class and then took a five question pop quiz. After that we took notes on the Germanic tribes and what happened to the Roman Empire after it fell apart. Here are some notes from class today:
After Rome 500-700

• Germanic Kingdoms of Western Europe
• The Germanic Barbarians
• Barbarian warlords and their families who assimilated into Roman culture became the "nobles" or aristocrats of medieval Europe
• Germanic tribes who ruled former Roman lands sought to conquer and assimilate other barbarian peoples who lived beyond the frontiers and were still pagans
• More on Germanic Kingdoms
• The Angles and the Saxons(from Denmark and northwestern Germany) invaded Britain and assimilated the native Britons 
• Most of the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity in the seventh century
• The most powerful Germanic tribe was the Franks
• But the real power lay with the "mayors of the palace" who were royal officials and nobles themselves
• Meanwhile, back in the Eastern Empire....
• From "Eastern Empire" to "Byzantium"
• The eastern Roman Empire continued on while the west was now dived up by the barbarian tribes
• When the emperor Justinian came to power in 527, he decided to reunite the entire Roman Empire by re-conquering the western territories  
• Justinian succeeded for a time, but the land he re-took was soon conquered by new barbarians tribes and a massive plague depopulated much of the west
• Its christian empire now
• Greek Byzantine emperors saw themselves as Roman empires and the heads of the Christian Church
• Byzantines preserved Greco-Roman art, architecture, philosophy  and writing despite much of it being non-Christian
• Justinian built the massive domed Hagia Sophia("Holy Wisdom") in Constantinople, considered to be the most glorious church on earth at the time
• Third version finished in 537, the Cathedral of Hagia Sophia, Justinian's cathedral, was later a mosque and is now a museum. Using knowledge of the geometry of curves, it has a dome supported by arches high in the air that remained a model for both church builders and mosque builders for more than a thousand years.

Rome Fades Away/ End of an Era

Rome Fades Away

• Two emperors
• Diocletian
• he rules from 284-303
• its cool to persecute Christians
• Rome needs a big army(400,00 strong)
• Rome needs a big government(20,000 officials)
• Constantine
• Rules from 306-337
• its cool to be a christian
• conversion to Christianity
• via a cross in the sky(conquer by this)
• 313- his Edict of Milan proclaims freedom of worship
• built a new capital in the East
• Byzantium, soon to be known as Constantinople
• the struggle of the peasants
• life in the fourth century
• country dwellers are getting bankrupted by endless tax collection
• new farming systems; peasants work for elite landlords on large farms
• peasants can avoid paying taxes, but they are getting hit just as hard by the landlords
• paying off debts and being "allowed" to live on the land, in exchange for endless back breaking work( such a deal)
• landowners hold local power as counts and bishops, wielding more real power than the faraway empire
• fore shading feudalism= a system wear you have someone that controls a small area and you work like crazy for the lord of the manor
• The western Empire crumbles
• Rome's power is decreasing, while nomadic barbarians gain power
• western Empire is too poor, begins to be neglected
• Huns migrate from China to eastern Europe
• Visigoths take over Spain, and actually capture and loot Rome itself in 410
• Vandals control Carthage and the western Mediterranean
• Other barbarian tribes
• Ostrogoth in Italy
• Franks in Gaul
• Angles and Saxons in Britain
• end of an era
• from the beginnings...
• 500 BC- the monarchy is abolished
• 450 BC- the Twelve tables are established
• ...Through the glory days...
• 44 BC- end of the line for Julius Caesar
• 27 BC- 180 BC- the Roman Peace( Pax Romana)
• To the bitter end... 
• constant fifth century invasions by barbarian tribes left the western Roman empire shattered and crumbling
• the last emperor was a teenage boy installed in 475 by his father
• barbarians deposed Romulus Augustus without bothering to kill him
• 476 was the last empire for the western Roman empire
• There is still an eastern Roman empire but Rome and the western part is done
• Barbarians conquer
• Angels= England
• Saxons= conquered Germany
• Ostrogoth= Italy
• Huns= Came from China and they conquered Hungary
• Vandals=  North Africa/Carthage and went and conquered Rome
• Visigoths= Spain and Portugal 
• franks=
  • -Germanic Tribe that became the French
  • -They conquered Gaul-Gaul is now present day France, Luxembourg and Belgium - Mostly Switzerland, Northern Italy and parts of the Netherlands and Germany-They were the most powerful of the Germanic Tribes-They created a strong barbarian kingdom after the end of the Western Roman Empire
  •